Here's an odd article but very detailed and interesting for our understanding of the carbon cycle. I've always wanted a detailed explanation of how phytoplankton convert atmospheric CO2 into their skeletons, and how this eventually re-enters either the ocean water (through absorption) or drifts down to the sea bed, where it becomes calcium carbonate (limestone). turns out, the link is "salps" that migrate vertically thousands of feet each day to feed on phytoplankton at the ocean surface. When they die, or when larger fish eat them and they in turn die, the skeletons sink to the ocean floor. Salp blooms take vast amounts of carbon out of the atmosphere and ocean every day, and play a role in limiting CO2 levels in the atmosphere. I wonder if stimulating growth of more of these creatures could offset fossil fuel emissions? Anyway, here's the article, courtesy of Yahoo.

Ocean "Gummy Bears" Fight Global Warming

By Robin Lloyd
Special to LiveScience
LiveScience.com
Sat Jul 22, 8:15 AM ET

Swarms of lowly thumb-sized ocean creatures that often resemble chains of transparent Gummy Bears play a critical role in transporting a greenhouse gas deep into the deep sea, scientists report.

The semi-transparent barrel-shaped creatures, called salps, emerge by the billions in groups that occupy as much as 38,600 square miles of the sea surface (about the size of the state of Indiana), Laurence Madin of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution wrote in a newly published study.

Madin and his colleagues have now estimated that "hotspots" of salps could spell a dead-end for carbon, transporting tons of it daily from the ocean surface to the deep sea and preventing it from re-entering the atmosphere and contributing again to the greenhouse effect and possibly to global warming.

In and out

Scientists have long known that ocean water and marine creatures absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, much of which results from the fossil fuels we burn.

Tiny marine plants called phytoplankton extract the carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide to build their skeletons and shells. Larger ocean animals then eat the phytoplankton. When the animals die or defecate, the carbon dissolves back into the oceans.

Salps are among the larger creatures that eat phytoplankton, consuming up to 74 percent of them from the surface water in a day. The salps then defecate, and their sinking pellets transport up to 4,000 tons of carbon daily to deeper water.

"Salps swim, feed and produce waste continuously," said Madin, who headed up the study recently published in the journal Deep Sea Research. "They take small packages of carbon and make them into big packages that sink fast."

[In a separate study, giant ocean "snot balls" were found to use a different method to same end.]

Round trip

Salps move through water by drawing water in one end and propelling it out the other, sort of like jet propulsion.

Madin and his colleagues at the University of Connecticut and the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science have stalked a species of salps, Salpa aspera, along the Eastern Seaboard on at least four occasions over the past 30 or so years. They collected salps with trawling nets and by hand while scuba diving and found that this species can form dense swarms that last for months. With video and other lab methods, they were able to estimate the size of swarms, their feeding rate, their defecation rate and their impact on the local population of phytoplankton.

Previous research showed that these salps swim to dark, deep ocean recesses by day, usually around 2,000 to 2,600 feet deep, and back up to the surface at night—something called vertical migration.

"At the surface, salps can feed on phytoplankton," Madin said. "They may swim down in the day to avoid predators or damaging sunlight."

Surfacing at night allows them to come together for reproduction and multiply quickly when food is abundant, he said.

Deep deposits

The result is that salps release fecal pellets in deep water, where few animals consume them, making them efficient transporters of carbon away from the atmosphere.

Salp pellets can sink even more than half a mile per day. And when they die, salp bodies take carbon down with them, sink rapidly up to a quarter mile a day.

Different species of salps have also been documented in recurring dense swarms in waters off Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa, the southeastern United States, the Western Mediterranean Sea, the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean.

Scientists still don't know how often salp swarms emerge, but it is clear that they can quickly take advantage of sudden blooms of phytoplankton, efficiently feeding on them with their mucus membrane filters and growing rapidly. Swarms can emerge in just a few weeks, to the point where they interfere with fishing, Madin said.

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Trucking can be a thankless job. The independent nature of trucking means that often nobody is there to witness the little things you do on a daily basis to get your loads where they’re headed on time in a safe and efficient manner.

When the load doesn’t make it on time – often for reasons beyond your control – that’s when you hear about it. Throw into the mix the many tasks that come with owning your own truck and it’s a wonder any loads get delivered. Maintaining your own rig, doing the necessary bookkeeping and running the business is a full-time job unto itself.

That’s why it’s a pleasure to be able to recognize one outstanding owner/operator each year through our annual Owner/Operator of the Year Award. We’ve been doing it for 13 years now and I’ve been fortunate enough to be involved in the process for six of them.

It’s always a pleasure to pore through the entries and it’s comforting to know there are some truly remarkable owner/operators out there. Guys and gals who not only find the time to drive day in and day out while managing their own business, but also contribute to their community and help out when called upon at the scene of an accident. Who says truckers are no longer the knights of the highway? They should read through the nominations we receive each year.

I only wish we could award more than one owner/operator per year, as there are many deserving candidates. We’ll be making this year’s presentation Friday night (July 21) at the Fergus Truck Show at about 8:30 p.m. on the main stage. I hope many of you can make it out to help us recognize one of the industry’s finest owner/operators.

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